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Credit: CC0 Public Domain
Letting your pet roam outdoors may seem like harmless fun that provides your pet with exercise, mental stimulation, and an opportunity to explore.
However, some environments can have hidden dangers that pet owners may not be immediately aware of, such as the risk of cryptococcal fungal infections, which can infect the lungs, brain, and other parts of the body.
Dr. Sarah Lawhon, director of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory at the Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, provides insight into this type of fungal infection and why pet owners should be aware of the potential harm it can cause. Masu. For pets, especially cats.
Sensitivity and signs
Cryptococcal fungal infections are caused by fungi of the genus Cryptococcus, most commonly Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. These fungi are most naturally found in warm, moist environments, especially where soil, decaying organic matter (such as wood, leaf litter, and compost), and bird droppings are present.
“Both cats and dogs can develop serious, even life-threatening cryptococcal infections if they inhale the fungal spores, but this type of infection is more commonly associated with cats.” said Lawhon. “Cats of all ages, breeds, and genders can become infected, and infections have been reported in both indoor and outdoor cats.”
Cats kept outdoors are more likely to be exposed to the fungus, but owners or other animals can introduce the fungus to indoor cats by bringing in contaminated material on their shoes or clothing.
The most common form of cryptococcal fungal infection in cats affects the nasal cavity and sinuses, with early symptoms such as swelling of the nose and face.
“Cats with this type of infection may develop deep or non-healing skin ulcers and a chronic nasal discharge that may be clear, bloody, or pus-filled. Inflammation of the nasal tissues may cause sneezing and breathing. Sometimes there are challenges,” Lawhon said. “Although not usually painful, C. neoformans can cause skin lesions such as nodules, which are small bumps on the skin.”
Rohon says that cats with nasal cryptococcosis may lose weight not only because of the fungus's effects on their bodies, but also because their sense of smell and interest in food decreases.
If the infection is not treated quickly, it can spread to other parts of the body, such as the lungs and central nervous system.
“Cats with central nervous system disease are especially likely to experience blindness, seizures, and behavioral changes,” Lawhon said. “In some cases, cats will continue to develop the disease in other parts of their bodies.”
Active care by veterinarians and owners
As Lawhon pointed out, once the infection spreads to the central nervous system and the rest of the body, it can be difficult to treat the patient, so owners should seek veterinary care as soon as they notice any concerning symptoms in their cat. It is important to receive it.
“The outlook for patients with nasal cryptococcosis often improves, but it usually requires several months of treatment with antifungal drugs,” Lawhon explained. “Veterinarians diagnose cryptococcal fungal infections based on the patient's medical history and clinical signs, and confirmation of the diagnosis is made by testing samples of the affected area or by identifying cryptococcal proteins in blood samples.”
Currently, there are no vaccines available for cryptococcal fungal infections, making prevention efforts increasingly important.
“Limiting a cat's exposure to environments with rotting plants or bird droppings will likely reduce the risk of infection,” Lawhon said.
The outdoors can be a source of joy and exploration for pets, as long as owners can ensure their safety and health. For cat owners in particular, understanding the signs of cryptococcal fungal infections can help them seek prompt veterinary attention and improve the prognosis for their beloved pets.
