Brennan DJ, Ross LE, Dobinson C, Feldhuizen S, Steele LS. Men's sexual orientation and health in Canada. J Can you do public heels? 2010;101(3):255–8.
Chakraborty A, McManus S, Brugha TS, Bebbington P, King M. Mental health of non-heterosexual populations in the UK. Br J Psychiatry. 2011;198(2):143–8.
Rodriguez-Seijas C, Eaton NR, Pachankis JE. Prevalence of mental illness at the intersection of race and sexual orientation: Results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Disorders-III. Please consult J Clinpsychol. 2019;87(4):321–31.
Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual people: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psycho bull. 2003;129(5):674–97.
Mayer IH. Minority stress and mental health among homosexuals. J Health Soc Action. 1995;36(1):38–56.
Herek GM, Gillis JR, Kogan JC. Psychological sequelae of hate crime victimization in lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Please consult J Clinpsychol. 1999;67(6):945–51.
Paradies Y, Ben J, Denson N, Elias A, Priest N, Peters A, et al. Racism as a determinant of health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(9):1–48.
Crenshaw K. Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Rev 1991;43(6):1241.
Meyer IH. Identity, stress, and resilience among lesbians, gay men, and bisexual people of color. Couns psychol. 2010;38:442–54.
Cyrus K. Multiple marginalized minorities: Applying minority stress theory to LGBTQ people of color. J gay lesbian mental healing. 2017;21(3):194–202.
Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Racial/ethnic differences in drug use, substance use disorders, and substance use treatment utilization among people 12 years and older (2015–2019). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2021. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/rpt35326/2021NSDUHSUChartbook.pdf.
Menezes NM, Georgiades K, Boyle MH. The effects of immigration status and concentration on mental disorders in Canada: A multilevel analysis. Psychomed. 2011;41(10):2221–31.
Breslau J, Kendler KS, Hsu M, Gaxiola Aguilar S, Kessler RC. Lifetime risk and persistence of mental illness by ethnicity in the United States. Psychomed. 2005;35(3):317–27.
Ortega AN, Rosenheck R, Alegria M, Desai RA. Acculturation and lifetime risk of mental and substance use disorders among Hispanics. J NERV MENT DIS. 2000;188(11):728–35.
Cochrane SD, Mays VM, Alegria M, Ortega AN, Takeuchi D. Mental health and substance use disorders among Latino and Asian American lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Please consult J Clinpsychol. 2007;75(5):785–94.
Meyer IH, Dietrich J, Schwartz S. Lifetime prevalence of mental disorders and suicide attempts in a diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual population. J public health. 2008;98(6):1004–6.
Keekens WJ, La Roye C, Dykstra JK. Sexual identity disparities in mental health among British adults, US adults, and US adolescents: Examining heterogeneity by race/ethnicity. Psychol Sex Orientat Gender Divers. 2020;8(4):407–19.
Almazan EP. Are Black sexual minority adults more likely to report higher levels of psychological distress than White sexual minority adults? Results from the 2013-2017 National Health Interview Survey. Social science. 2019;8(1):14.
Remafedi G. Suicidality in a venue-based sample of young men who have sex with men. J. Adrusk Heal. 2002;31(4):305–10.
Bostwick WB, Meyer I, Aranda F, Russell S, Hughes T, Burkett M. Mental health and suicidality among racially and ethnically diverse sexual minority youth. J public health. 2014;104(6):1129–36.
Prestage G, Hammud M, Jin F, Degenhardt L, Bourne A, Maher L. Mental health, substance use, and sexual risk behaviors among gay and bisexual men. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;55:169–79.
Pakula B, Shoveller J, Ratner PA, Carpiano R. Prevalence and comorbidity of heavy drinking, anxiety, and mood disorders among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual Canadians. J public health. 2016;106(6):1042–8.
Chiu M, Amartey A, Wang X, Kurdyak P. Ethnic differences in mental health status and service utilization: A population-based study in Ontario. Canadian Can J Psychiatry. 2018;63(7):481–91.
Gilmore H. Positive Mental Health and Mental Illness. Heal Rep 2014;25(9):3–9.
Google Scholar
Heckathorn DD. Respondent-driven sampling: A new approach to studying hidden populations. Social Issues 1997;44(2):174–99.
Heckathorn DD. Respondent-driven sampling II: Deriving valid population estimates from hidden population linkage reference samples. Social Issues 2002;49(1):11–34.
Magnani R, Sabin K, Saidel T, Heckathorn D. A review of sampling hard-to-reach hidden populations for HIV surveillance. AIDS, supplements. 2005;19(2):67–72.
Moore DM, Cui Z, Lachowski N, Raymond HF, Ross E, Rich A, et al. Factors associated with elevated HIV community viral load and viremia in a community-based sample of men who have sex with men in Vancouver. Canada J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 2016;72(1):87–95.
Stern AF. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Occupy the Med (London). 2014;64(5):393–4.
Brennan C, Worrall-Davies A, McMillan D, Gilbody S, House A. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: A diagnostic meta-analysis of case-finding ability. J Psychosom Res. 2010;69(4):371–8.
Herek GM, Grant EK. Identity and community among gay and bisexual men in the AIDS era: Preliminary findings from the Sacramento Men's Health Study. Author: AIDS, Identity, Community: The HIV Epidemic and Lesbians and Gay Men. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc. 1995.p. 55-84.
Ruben J, Brozik E, Gilman G, Iliff S, von Kruse WR, Beck JC Performance of a shortened version of the Leuben Social Network Scale in three other regionally European elderly populations. Gerontologist. 2006;46(4):503–13.
de Jong Gierveld J, van Tilburg T. A six-item measure of global, emotional, and social loneliness: A validation test of survey data. Less aging. 2006;28(5):582–98.
Lai HMX, Cleary M, Sitarsan T, Hunt GE. Prevalence of co-occurring substance use, anxiety, and mood disorders in epidemiological studies, 1990–2014: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug alcohol dependence. 2015;154:1–13.
Cuello SB, Brady KT, Sonne SC. Mood and substance use disorders: Complex comorbidities. A scientific practice perspective. 2005;3(1):13–21.
Saunders JB, Asland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Harmful Alcohol Users II. Dependence. 1993;88(6):791–804.
Lima VD, Geller J, Bangsberg DR, Patterson TL, Daniel M, Kerr T, et al. Impact of adherence on the association between depressive symptoms and mortality in HIV-infected individuals initially starting HAART. AIDS. 2007;21(9):1175–83.
Wells K, Klap R, Koike A, Sherbourne C. Ethnic disparities in alcoholism, substance abuse, and unmet need for mental health care. J Psychiatry. 2001;158(12):2027–32.
Lewis me. Familism and filial piety among Latino and Asian elders: A reassessment of family and social support. Hisp Heal Care International 2007;5(2):81–9.
Leong F, Park YS, Kalibatseva Z. Disentangling immigrant status in mental health: Psychological protective and risk factors among Latino and Asian American immigrants. J Orthopedic Psychiatry. 2013;83(2 part 3):361–71.
Bourne AA, Roche SC, Aldridge AA. Stress-related growth in racial/ethnic minority youth: Measurement structure and validity. Educating psychometrics. 2009;69(1):131–45.
Schuckit MA, Hesselbrock V. Alcoholism and anxiety disorders: what is the relationship? J Psychiatry. 1994;151(12):1723–34.
Bowden JM, Ferguson DM. alcohol and depression. Dependence. 2011;106(5):906–14.
Silva M, Loureiro A, Cardoso G. Social determinants of mental health: a review of the evidence. Eur J Psychiatry. 2016;30(4):259–92.
Google Scholar
Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. The Daily — Immigration and ethnic cultural diversity: Key findings from the 2016 Census. Statistics Canada; 2016. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171025/dq171025b-eng.htm.
Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D. Validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. J Psychosom Res. 2002;52(2):69–77.